Dental Care for Horses: Essential Tips for Healthy Equine Teeth

Posted On June 13, 2024

For dental care for horses, a crisp autumn morning at the barn. You toss a fresh net of hay into your horse’s stall, eager to witness their morning munchies. But instead of the usual enthusiastic chomping, your horse nudges the hay with a grimace, seemingly struggling to grasp and tear off the flakes. This scene, though seemingly trivial, highlights a crucial aspect of equine well-being: dental care.

Just like us, horses rely on healthy teeth for proper chewing and digestion. A horse’s mouth is a fascinating marvel, specially adapted for their grazing lifestyle. This comprehensive guide delves into the world of equine dentistry, empowering you to become an advocate for your horse’s oral health. We’ll explore the unique structure and function of horse teeth, shed light on the importance of regular dental checkups, unveil common dental problems that can affect your horse, and equip you with essential tips for maintaining a healthy equine smile. By recognizing the red flags that might indicate dental issues, you can ensure your horse enjoys not only comfortable meals but also optimal performance and overall health. So, grab your metaphorical dental mirror, and let’s embark on a journey into the fascinating world of equine dentistry!

Unveiling the Equine Grin: A Look Inside the Horse’s Mouth

Horses, those majestic creatures with flowing manes and powerful strides, possess a fascinating dental characteristic – their teeth continuously erupt throughout their lives! Unlike our own teeth that stop growing after a certain age, equine chompers are on a lifelong journey, requiring our attentiveness to ensure their health and function. This section delves into the unique world of horse teeth, empowering you to become a more informed equine guardian.

A Never-Ending Story: The Uniqueness of Continuous Eruption

Imagine a smile that keeps getting bigger – that’s the essence of a horse’s grin! Unlike humans and many other animals, a horse’s teeth erupt continuously throughout their life. This continuous eruption compensates for the natural wear and tear that occurs during grazing. The lower jaw houses these constantly growing teeth, and they slowly push up from the gums as the upper portion wears down.

Understanding this continuous eruption is crucial for horse owners. Regular dental care becomes essential to manage this growth and prevent potential problems that can arise from unchecked teeth.

A Symphony of Chewing: Unveiling the Different Types of Horse Teeth

Just like actors in a play, each type of horse tooth plays a specific role in the grand production of equine chewing. Here’s a closer look at the key players:

  • Incisors: These are the four front teeth on both the upper and lower jaws. Incisors, resembling small chisels, are used for nipping grass close to the ground. Foals (young horses) use their incisors for browsing as well. As horses age, the incisors become less important for chewing and more helpful for grasping food.
  • Canines: Canines, also known as “corner teeth,” are typically absent in adult horses, or very small and peg-shaped. However, some horse breeds may retain well-developed canines, especially geldings (neutered males). Canines don’t play a major role in chewing but may be used for defense or dominance displays.
  • Premolars: Located behind the canines (or where the canines would be), premolars are the first set of grinding teeth. Premolars help horses break down food by crushing and tearing it into smaller pieces. As premolars mature and erupt further, their chewing surface becomes more complex, allowing for more efficient food processing.
  • Molars: Molars are the backmost teeth in the horse’s mouth and are responsible for the final grinding of food. With a broad, flat surface with ridges, molars efficiently grind hay, grain, and other roughage into a mash that the horse can easily swallow and digest.

Remember: The number of teeth a horse has varies depending on their age. Foals have a deciduous (baby) set of teeth that are gradually replaced by permanent teeth as they mature. A mature horse typically has 44 permanent teeth.

A Perfect Bite for a Healthy Appetite: The Importance of Proper Jaw Alignment

Just like a well-fitting puzzle piece, the upper and lower jaws of a horse need to align properly for optimal chewing and overall dental health. This proper alignment, known as a “correct bite,” ensures that the teeth meet evenly and efficiently grind food.

Problems with a horse’s bite can lead to a variety of issues, including:

  • Uneven wear and tear on teeth
  • Difficulty chewing
  • Weight loss
  • Head tossing
  • Behavioral problems

Regular dental checkups with a qualified equine veterinarian are essential to identify and address any bite issues. Early intervention can help prevent further complications and ensure your horse maintains a healthy mouth and a happy appetite.

Beyond the Bits: Why Regular Equine Dental Care is Essential

Horses, with their majestic presence and athletic prowess, have captivated us for centuries. Just like any other athlete, optimal performance and overall well-being rely heavily on proper care. And let’s not forget a crucial, yet sometimes overlooked, aspect of equine health: dental care. Regular checkups with a qualified equine dentist are more than just a routine procedure; they’re an investment in your horse’s health and happiness.

Early Detection, Early Intervention: Nipping Problems in the Bud

Imagine not being able to chew your food comfortably. Sounds unpleasant, right? Well, horses can experience similar discomfort due to dental issues. The good news is that with regular dental checkups, potential problems can be identified and addressed before they escalate into serious complications. Here’s how early intervention through regular dental care benefits your horse:

  • Catching Minor Issues Before They Become Major: Equine dentists have a trained eye for spotting subtle problems like developing hooks (sharp points on teeth) or uneven wear. Addressing these minor issues early on prevents them from progressing into more serious concerns, like difficulty chewing or even jaw problems.
  • Proactive Treatment for Periodontal Disease: Just like humans, horses can develop periodontal disease, a progressive infection that affects the gums and supporting structures of the teeth. Regular dental checkups allow for early detection and treatment of periodontal disease, preventing tooth loss and potential pain for your horse.
  • Ensuring Optimal Oral Health: Regular dental care encompasses more than just checking for problems. Equine dentists can perform necessary procedures like floating (smoothing rough edges of teeth) and balancing (correcting uneven wear), promoting overall oral health and comfort for your horse.

Remember: Early detection and intervention are key to preventing serious dental problems in your horse. Schedule regular dental checkups to ensure your horse has a healthy, comfortable mouth.

Unlocking Peak Performance: The Power of a Healthy Mouth

A horse’s ability to chew food efficiently plays a vital role in their overall health and performance. Think about it: proper chewing allows for optimal nutrient absorption from their food, providing them with the energy they need to thrive. Here’s how proper dental care translates to peak performance for your horse:

  • Improved Nutrient Absorption: When teeth are properly aligned and free of problems, your horse can chew their food more effectively. This allows them to break down food particles better, leading to increased nutrient absorption from their diet. Better nutrient absorption translates to improved energy levels, stamina, and overall health for your horse.
  • Weight Management: Horses with dental problems may struggle to chew hay and grain effectively. This can lead to them consuming less food, potentially resulting in weight loss and a compromised immune system. Regular dental care ensures your horse can chew comfortably, encouraging them to eat a balanced diet and maintain a healthy weight.
  • Behavioral Benefits: Discomfort caused by dental issues can manifest in behavioral changes, like head tossing or resistance to the bit. Addressing dental problems can significantly improve your horse’s comfort level, leading to a more enjoyable riding experience for both you and your equine partner.

Remember: A healthy mouth is a foundation for peak performance in horses. Invest in regular dental care to help your horse reach their full potential.

A Smile (of Sorts) Says It All: Preventing Pain and Promoting Well-Being

Horses can’t tell us if their teeth hurt, but their behavior often speaks volumes. Signs like quidding (dropping undigested food) or bit resistance can indicate dental discomfort. Regular dental care plays a crucial role in preventing pain and promoting your horse’s overall well-being:

  • Pain-Free Chewing: Overgrown teeth, sharp points, or other dental issues can make chewing uncomfortable, even painful, for your horse. Regular dental care ensures your horse’s teeth are properly aligned and maintained, allowing them to chew comfortably and enjoy their food.
  • Improved Quality of Life: Chronic pain from dental problems can significantly impact a horse’s quality of life. Addressing these issues through regular dental care promotes overall well-being and allows your horse to live a more comfortable and enjoyable life.
  • Building a Stronger Bond: A happy and healthy horse is a joy to be around. Regular dental care contributes to your horse’s comfort and well-being, strengthening the bond between you and your equine companion.

Remember: Regular dental care is an act of love for your horse. It prevents pain, promotes well-being, and allows them to experience life to the fullest.

Considering Age: Frequency of Dental Checkups

The frequency of dental checkups for your horse will vary depending on their age, just like how children need to see the dentist more often than adults. Here’s a general guideline:

  • Foals and Young Horses (Up to 5 Years Old): Young horses have rapidly growing teeth, so more frequent checkups are recommended. Schedule dental exams every 6-12 months to monitor development and address any potential problems early on.
  • Adult Horses (5-10 Years Old): Dental checkups can be scheduled every 12-18 months for adult horses, depending on their individual needs and breed. Monitor your horse for any signs of dental issues and adjust the checkup schedule accordingly.
  • Senior Horses (Over 10 Years Old): Senior horses may experience increased dental problems due to wear and tear. Schedule dental checkups every 6-12 months to ensure their comfort and address any age-related complications.

Remember: This is just a general guideline. The best way to determine the optimal frequency of dental checkups for your horse is to consult with your veterinarian or a qualified equine dentist. They can assess your horse’s individual needs and recommend a personalized dental care plan.

Beyond the Checkup: Additional Tips for Optimal Oral Health

Regular dental checkups are a cornerstone of good equine dental care, but there are additional things you can do to promote your horse’s oral health:

  • Feed a Balanced Diet: Provide your horse with a diet rich in fiber, which helps promote natural tooth wear. Avoid sugary treats or processed feeds that can contribute to dental problems.
  • Monitor Hay Quality: Hay with coarse stalks can help keep teeth naturally trimmed. Ensure the hay you provide is free from dust and mold, which can irritate your horse’s mouth.
  • Observe Your Horse’s Behavior: Be mindful of any behavioral changes that might indicate dental discomfort, such as quidding, bit resistance, or pawing at the ground. Early detection of potential problems allows for prompt intervention.
  • Partner with Your Veterinarian: Regular veterinary checkups can include an oral exam to identify any potential dental issues. Work with your veterinarian to develop a comprehensive healthcare plan for your horse that includes dental care.

By following these tips and scheduling regular dental checkups, you can ensure your horse maintains a healthy, comfortable mouth throughout their life. Remember, a healthy horse is a happy horse, ready to explore the world with you by their side.

Maintaining a Healthy Smile: Common Dental Concerns in Horses

Just like us, horses can experience a variety of dental problems that can impact their comfort, health, and performance. Understanding these common issues empowers you to recognize potential problems and seek timely veterinary intervention. Here, we explore some of the most frequent dental concerns in horses:

Gum Trouble: Equine Gingivitis and Periodontal Disease

Similar to gingivitis in humans, equine gingivitis is the inflammation of the gums around the teeth. Left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontal disease, a more serious infection that affects the gums and supporting structures of the teeth.

  • Causes: Poor oral hygiene, retained food particles, and sharp edges on teeth can all contribute to equine gingivitis and periodontal disease.
  • Symptoms: Signs of potential trouble can include bad breath, bleeding gums, difficulty chewing, and feed dropping. In advanced stages, you might notice loose teeth or facial swelling.
  • Treatment: Early intervention is key! Regular dental checkups allow for early detection and treatment of gingivitis, often involving scaling (removing tartar buildup) and polishing teeth. Periodontal disease treatment may involve additional procedures like antibiotics or tooth extractions, depending on the severity of the condition.

Remember: Maintaining good oral hygiene through regular dental care is crucial in preventing gum disease in horses.

Points and Overgrowths: When Chewing Becomes a Challenge

Horses’ teeth continuously grow throughout their lives. While this constant growth is essential for proper chewing, sometimes things can go awry.

  • Sharp Points and Hooks: As teeth wear unevenly, sharp points or hooks can develop on the edges. These sharp edges can irritate the horse’s tongue and cheeks, making chewing uncomfortable.
  • Overgrown Teeth: In some cases, teeth may overgrow if they don’t wear down evenly through chewing. Overgrown teeth can cause problems like difficulty chewing, misalignment with other teeth, and even jaw problems.

Treatment:* Both sharp points and overgrowths can be addressed by a qualified equine dentist through a procedure called floating. Floating involves smoothing down the rough edges of the teeth, restoring proper chewing function and preventing discomfort for your horse.

Remember: Regular dental checkups allow for early detection and correction of sharp points and overgrowths, ensuring your horse enjoys comfortable chewing.

A Painful Crack: Fractured Teeth

While less common, fractured teeth can be a serious dental issue for horses. These fractures can occur due to accidents, chewing on hard objects, or even improper dental procedures.

  • Causes: As mentioned, the culprits behind fractured teeth can be accidents, chewing on hard objects, or improper dental work.
  • Symptoms: Signs of a fractured tooth can include sudden resistance to the bit, quidding (dropping undigested food), pawing at the ground, or facial swelling.
  • Treatment: Treatment for fractured teeth depends on the severity of the fracture. In some cases, smoothing down the sharp edges might be sufficient. However, severe fractures may necessitate tooth extraction or even advanced dental procedures.

Remember: If you suspect your horse has a fractured tooth, seek immediate veterinary attention to prevent further complications and ensure proper treatment.

Wolf Teeth: A Bit of a Mystery

Some horses have small, vestigial premolars called wolf teeth located in front of the regular premolars. These wolf teeth can erupt partially or completely through the gum line, or they may remain embedded within the jaw.

  • Wolf Teeth and Potential Issues: While typically harmless, wolf teeth can sometimes cause problems like biting issues or discomfort. If a wolf tooth is causing trouble, your veterinarian may recommend removal.
  • Consulting a Veterinarian: The decision to remove a wolf tooth should be made on a case-by-case basis by a qualified veterinarian. They will consider the horse’s age, the position of the tooth, and any potential issues it might be causing.

Remember: Consult your veterinarian to determine the best course of action regarding your horse’s wolf teeth.

Dental Care for Horses: Essential Tips for Healthy Equine Teeth

Bridle the Power of Prevention: Essential Tips for Horse Teeth Care

Just like a championship athlete requires a well-rounded training regimen, maintaining your horse’s dental health goes beyond just regular checkups. By incorporating these simple yet effective tips into your horse care routine, you can promote healthy teeth and a happy mouth for your equine companion.

Diet Matters: Nature’s Way to Promote Healthy Teeth

A horse’s natural diet plays a crucial role in maintaining healthy teeth. Here’s how understanding your horse’s dietary needs can benefit their dental health:

  • Fiber is Your Friend: Horses are grazing animals, and their digestive system thrives on a diet rich in fiber. Fiber-rich forage, like hay and pasture, promotes proper chewing and natural tooth wear. This helps prevent sharp points and uneven wear on the teeth, keeping your horse’s mouth comfortable.
  • Hay Selection: A Textural Adventure: Not all hay is created equal when it comes to dental health. Choose hay with appropriate stem length and texture. Longer stems encourage more chewing, promoting natural tooth wear and reducing boredom. Hay with a variety of textures also helps maintain good dental hygiene.

Remember: Consult your veterinarian or equine nutritionist to choose the right hay type and amount for your horse’s individual needs and activity level.

Keeping Parasites at Bay: The Importance of Regular Deworming

Internal parasites can wreak havoc on a horse’s health, and their impact can sometimes extend to dental development. Here’s why regular deworming is essential for your horse’s overall well-being and dental health:

  • Parasites: Hidden Threats to Dental Health: Certain parasites can interfere with nutrient absorption in horses, which can impact the development and health of their teeth. Regular deworming, following a veterinarian’s recommendations, helps prevent these parasites from compromising your horse’s dental health.
  • A Holistic Approach to Health: Maintaining a parasite-free environment contributes to your horse’s overall health and immune system function. A healthy horse is better equipped to fight off potential dental problems.

Remember: Schedule regular deworming for your horse based on your veterinarian’s advice and your horse’s specific needs.

Sweet Treats in Moderation: Balancing Treats with Dental Health

We all love spoiling our horses with occasional treats. However, it’s important to be mindful of how these treats can impact their dental health:

  • Sugary Treats: A Recipe for Trouble: Sugary treats and concentrated feeds can contribute to dental problems like tooth decay and periodontal disease. Limit these treats and opt for healthier alternatives like chopped vegetables or fruit (in moderation).
  • A Balanced Approach to Nutrition: A horse’s diet should primarily consist of good-quality hay and pasture. Treats should be offered sparingly and chosen with their dental health in mind.

Remember: A balanced diet is vital for your horse’s overall health, including their teeth. Consult your veterinarian or equine nutritionist for guidance on creating a healthy and delicious meal plan for your horse.

Whispers from the Stable: Recognizing Signs of Dental Trouble in Horses

Horses are masters of stoicism, often enduring discomfort silently. However, their behavior can offer valuable clues if you know where to look. This section explores some tell-tale signs that might indicate your horse is experiencing dental problems:

Changes at Mealtime: Red Flags in Eating Habits

Mealtime is a window into your horse’s well-being, and any changes in eating habits can be a cause for concern. Here are some red flags to watch out for:

  • Quidding: Does your horse drop partially chewed food boluses (quids) after attempting to eat? This can be a sign of difficulty chewing due to dental problems like overgrown teeth or sharp points.
  • Slow and Difficulty Chewing: Pay attention to your horse’s chewing habits. Are they taking longer than usual to chew their food? Do they seem to be struggling to chew properly? These changes can indicate dental discomfort.
  • Selective Eating: If your horse is suddenly picky about their hay or concentrates, it could be a sign of mouth pain associated with dental issues. They might avoid certain foods that are uncomfortable to chew.

Remember: Changes in eating habits are not always due to dental problems, but they warrant a closer look. If you notice any of these signs, consult your veterinarian or equine dentist.

Weight Loss Woes: When Appetite and Weight Decline

A healthy horse should maintain a consistent weight. If you notice your horse losing weight despite their usual appetite, or if their appetite seems to be decreasing, it could be a sign of underlying dental problems:

  • Weight Loss Without Reduced Appetite: Is your horse losing weight even though they seem to be eating the same amount? This can happen if dental issues are making it difficult for them to absorb nutrients properly from their food.
  • Decreased Appetite: A horse experiencing pain in their mouth due to dental problems may be reluctant to eat, leading to weight loss and decreased energy levels.

Remember: Weight loss can have various causes, but it shouldn’t be ignored. If your horse is losing weight, consult your veterinarian to rule out any underlying health issues, including dental problems.

Head Tossing and More: Physical Signs of Discomfort

While horses can’t tell us verbally if they’re in pain, their body language can speak volumes. Here are some physical signs that might indicate your horse is experiencing discomfort potentially related to dental problems:

  • Head Tossing: Excessive head tossing, especially while bridled or ridden, can be a sign of discomfort in the mouth. The tossing could be an attempt to dislodge something or alleviate pain.
  • Pawing at the Mouth: If your horse is frequently pawing at their mouth or seems restless and unhappy, it could be a sign of dental pain.
  • Excessive Salivation: Drooling more than usual can sometimes be a sign of mouth irritation or discomfort potentially caused by dental problems.

Remember: These physical signs can also have other causes. However, if you notice any of them in combination with other red flags, consult your veterinarian or equine dentist to investigate further.

Trouble at the Bit: When Riding Becomes Uncomfortable

For many horses, bits are an essential part of riding. However, if your horse is suddenly becoming difficult or resistant when you try to use the bit, it could be a sign of dental pain:

  • Head Shyness: Is your horse becoming increasingly head-shy or resistant to bit pressure? This could be due to pain in the mouth caused by dental problems.
  • Bit Resistance: If your horse is throwing their head, fighting against the bit, or becoming difficult to control while being ridden, it could be a sign of discomfort in their mouth.

Remember: Ruling out dental problems is crucial before attributing behavioral changes to training issues. If your horse is exhibiting difficulties with the bit, consult your veterinarian or equine dentist to identify any potential underlying causes.

Beyond the Basics: Advanced Equine Dental Care Procedures

Regular dental checkups form the foundation of good equine oral health. However, some situations may necessitate advanced dental procedures performed by a qualified equine dentist. Here, we explore some of these procedures to ensure your horse receives the most comprehensive dental care:

Smoothing the Rough Edges: The Art of Floating

Imagine your horse’s teeth as a complex set of interlocking gears. For them to function properly, these “gears” need to meet evenly. However, due to natural wear and tear, sharp edges or points can develop on the teeth. This is where floating comes in.

Floating is a dental procedure where a qualified equine dentist uses a rasp or file to smooth down any uneven surfaces, sharp edges, or overgrowths on your horse’s teeth. Think of it as a tune-up for your horse’s mouth, ensuring their teeth meet properly and they can chew comfortably. Floating is a relatively common procedure, often performed during routine dental checkups.

Signs Your Horse Might Need Floating:

  • Difficulty chewing or quidding (dropping undigested food)
  • Head tossing or resistance to the bit
  • Weight loss despite a normal appetite
  • Excessive salivation

A Last Resort: Tooth Extractions for Severe Issues

In some cases, severe dental problems or fractured teeth might necessitate tooth extraction. Equine dentists are trained professionals equipped to perform tooth extractions safely and effectively. While extraction is always a last resort, it may be necessary to alleviate pain and improve your horse’s quality of life.

Here are some situations where tooth extraction might be considered:

  • Severely loose or infected teeth
  • Fractured teeth that cannot be saved
  • Advanced periodontal disease leading to significant tooth loss

Remember: Early detection and intervention through regular dental care can often help prevent the need for tooth extraction.

Safety First: The Importance of Sedation and Anesthesia

Dental procedures can sometimes be uncomfortable or even painful for horses. To ensure your horse’s safety and comfort during these procedures, equine dentists will typically use sedation or anesthesia.

  • Sedation: A milder form of pain management, sedation keeps your horse relaxed and minimizes anxiety during the procedure.
  • Anesthesia: For more complex procedures, general anesthesia might be necessary. This renders your horse unconscious for the duration of the procedure, ensuring they experience no pain or discomfort.

Remember: Sedation and anesthesia are crucial for the safety and well-being of your horse during dental procedures. Trust your qualified equine dentist to determine the most appropriate level of sedation or anesthesia for your horse’s individual needs.

A Gleaming Grin: The Rewards of Equine Dental Care

Throughout history, horses have captured our imaginations with their strength, grace, and unwavering partnership with humans. Just like any athlete or valued companion, horses require proper care to thrive. Often overlooked, dental care is a crucial aspect of equine health and well-being. This concluding section delves into the significant impact of a healthy mouth on your horse’s overall happiness and performance, solidifying the importance of regular dental checkups and preventive measures. Horse Riding Accessories, Grooming, Gear, Food, Heath Treat, Care, books

Beyond the Bling: The Profound Impact of Healthy Teeth

A horse’s mouth is a marvel of engineering, perfectly adapted for grazing and processing various roughages. However, just like our own teeth, equine teeth are susceptible to wear and tear, potential infections, and other issues. Here’s how proper dental care contributes to a horse’s overall health and happiness:

  • Improved Digestion and Nutrient Absorption: Healthy teeth allow horses to chew their food effectively, breaking down roughage for optimal digestion and nutrient absorption. This translates into better weight management, increased energy levels, and a shiny, healthy coat.
  • Reduced Behavioral Problems: Dental discomfort can manifest in a variety of ways, including bit resistance, head tossing, and quidding (dropping undigested food boluses). Regular dental care can alleviate these issues, making rides more enjoyable for both horse and rider.
  • Early Detection of Underlying Issues: A comprehensive dental exam can reveal signs of potential health problems like tooth abscesses, jaw problems, or even systemic diseases. Early detection allows for prompt treatment and improved long-term health outcomes for your horse.
  • Enhanced Performance: A horse with a healthy mouth is more comfortable and focused, leading to improved performance in various disciplines, from leisurely trail rides to competitive events.

Investing in your horse’s dental care is not just about aesthetics; it’s about ensuring their overall well-being and creating a strong foundation for a fulfilling partnership.

Building a Bond of Trust: The Importance of Collaboration

Horses are incredibly intuitive creatures, and forming a trusting relationship is key to a successful partnership. Prioritizing your horse’s dental health demonstrates your care and commitment to their well-being. Here’s how working with your veterinarian and equine dentist fosters a stronger bond:

  • Positive Dental Experiences: Regular dental checkups performed by a qualified equine dentist can become routine procedures, reducing stress and anxiety for your horse. Positive experiences during dental care contribute to a trusting relationship between you and your horse.
  • Improved Communication: By addressing any dental discomfort your horse might be experiencing, you can enhance communication and understanding during training or riding sessions. A horse free from pain is more receptive to cues and willing to learn. RPM 3.0 – 60% CONVERSION & Money for Affiliate Marketing
  • A Team Effort: Working collaboratively with your veterinarian and equine dentist allows for a comprehensive approach to your horse’s health. This teamwork ensures that any dental concerns are addressed promptly, promoting your horse’s overall well-being and strengthening the bond you share.

Remember, a healthy horse is a happy horse. By prioritizing dental care, you’re not just ensuring a gleaming smile; you’re investing in a long-lasting and fulfilling partnership with your equine companion. Let your horse’s smile be a testament to the exceptional care you provide, creating a lifetime of shared adventures.

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